مروری بر مفاهیم سطح آب زیرزمینی، بار هیدرولیکی‌، روش‌ها و خطاهای اندازه‌گیری آنها ( مقاله مروری)

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دکتری زمین‌شناسی مهندسی، شرکت آب منطقه‌ای مرکزی، اراک، ایران.

2 دکتری هیدروژئولوژی، گروه علوم زمین، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.

3 کارشناسی ارشد برق قدت ، شرکت آب منطقه‌ای استان مرکزی، اراک، ایران.

4 دکتری زمین‌شناسی مهندسی، گروه علوم زمین، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران.

10.22034/hydro.2023.54589.1280

چکیده

سطح آب زیرزمینی، توسط هیدرولوژیست‌ها در موارد مختلف به عنوان یک متغیر کلیدی استفاده می‌شود و در ظاهر تعریف ساده‌ای دارد و به عنوان سطحی تعریف می‌شود که ناحیه اشباع و غیراشباع را از هم جدا می‌کند. اما بررسی دقیق‌تر نشان می‌دهد که بسیاری از تئوری‌های مربوط به سطح آب اغلب آن‌چنان‌که فرض می‌شود، ساده‌ نیستند و برحسب شرایط تعاریف گوناگونی برای آن وجود دارد. بار هیدرولیکی زیربنای تفسیر جریان آب زیرزمینی، کمی‌سازی ویژگی‌های آبخوان و کالیبراسیون مدل‌های جریان است و بر اساس اندازه‌گیری سطح آب در پیزومترها تعیین می‌شود. در این پژوهش مفهوم سطح آب زیرزمینی و پدیده‌های مؤثر بر آن مرور می‌شود که شامل سطح آب زیرزمینی معلق و معکوس، پدیده حباب‌های گاز در زیر سطح آب زیرزمینی، سطح آب در محیط‌های دارای تخلخل دوگانه و چندگانه، تأثیر نوسانات فشار بارومتریک بر اندازه‌گیری سطح آب در سفره‌های آزاد و تحت‌فشار، تأثیر چگالی و دما بر اندازه‌گیری سطح آب است. همچنین برخی از روش‌های مورد استفاده برای اندازه‌گیری سطح ایستابی، کاربردهای نسبی آن‌ها و نحوه اجتناب از خطاهای اندازه‌گیری، مورد بحث قرار می‌گیرد. بر اساس مرور منابع موجود، دقیق‌ترین تعریف برای سطح ایستابی، سطحی است که در آن فشار برابر با فشار اتمسفر است و مهم‌ترین و دقیق‌ترین روش‌های اندازه‌گیری سطح آب استفاده از نوار اندازه‌گیری و مبدل‌های فشار است هر چند که انبساط و انقباض حرارتی نوار فولادی و روکش آن و کشش ناشی از وزن نوار و شاقول، از مهم‌ترین خطاهای اندازه‌گیری آن است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

An overview of the concepts of underground water table, hydraulic head, measurement methods and errors

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kamal Ganjalipour 1
  • mehdi kord 2
  • farhad nourozie 3
  • mohammad fathollahy 4
1 PhD. in engineering geology, regional water company of Markazi, Arak, Iran.
2 PhD in hydrogeology, department of earth science, faculty of basic science, university of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
3 MSc in electrical engineering, regional water company of Markazi, Arak, Iran.
4 PhD in engineering geology, department of earth science, Faculty of basic science, university of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The water table is used by hydrologists as a key variable in different cases. Superficially, it has a simple definition and is conventionally defined as a level where the saturated and unsaturated zones are separated in a porous media. However, a closer examination demonstrates that many theories concerning the water table are not often as simple as they are assumed to be, and there are several definitions for it based on environmental conditions. The hydraulic head is the basis for the interpretation of groundwater flow, quantification of aquifer features, and calibration of flow models that are determined based on a measurement of the water table in piezometers. This research reviews the concept of groundwater table and the phenomena effect on it. This includes perched and inverted water table, the phenomenon of gas bubbles in the saturated zone under the groundwater table, water table in media with dual and multiple porosity, the impact of barometric pressure fluctuation in water table measurement in confined and unconfined aquifers, and the effects of density and temperature on water table measurement. Moreover, the study discusses some of the methods used for water table measurement, their relative applications, and ways to avoid measurement errors. According to a review of the available resources, the water table is most accurately defined as the level where pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, and the most significant and accurate methods of water table measurement include the use of measurement tapes and pressure transducers, although the most important measurement errors concern the thermal expansion and contraction of the steel tape and its coating and the strain arising from the weights of the tape and the plumb bob attached to it.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ground Water Table
  • Hydraulic Head
  • Measurement Error
  • Barometric Pressure
  • Density
  • Temperature
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