Application of Reverse Geochemical Model and Hydrogeochemical Methods to Investigate the Salinity Source of Sarvestan Aquifer

Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Water Research Institute (WRI)

2 Professor of Water Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

3 Master of Water Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and origin of salinity in Sarvestan Aquifer
Abstract
In order to investigate the groundwater quality in the study area Sarvestan Aquifer, 25 samples of groundwater have been taken in June 2016. Q mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to partition groundwater in the study area into hydrochemical facies. Two major water groups were identified by HCA. Groundwater samples collected from the study area were classified as recharge area water (Group 1: Ca–Cl water) in the Southern and Southeast regions. Discharge area waters were identified in the vicinity of Maharlu lake and in western and northwest parts of the study area (Group 2: Na–Cl water). Principal components analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation using the Kaiser criterion identified two principal sources of variation in the hydrochemistry. A factor 1 accounts for the salinity of the water and the second factor represent calcite dissolution from Calcareous formations located in the eastern and southeast parts of the area. Inverse modeling for major ions and the results of HCA confirmed the results obtained with PCA. The results of this study show that the integration of statistical results from hydrogeochemical data with the inverse geochemical model can help in identifying the geological factors affecting groundwater quality. this study identified important mechanisms in the composition of Group 2 waters are reverse flow from the Maharlu Lake toward the aquifer and the presence of Hormoz and Sachun formations located in the northern and northeastern parts of the study area.

Key words: Geochemical methods, PHREEQC, Source of salinity, Sarvestan Aaquifer

آقانباتی، ع.، 1383، زمین‌شناسی ایران، سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اکتشاف معدنی کشور.
Alley, W. M., 1993, Regional Ground-Water Quality, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Back, W., 1960. Origin of hydrochemical facies of ground water in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In Proceedings of 21st international geological congress, Copenhagen (Vol. 1, pp. 87-95).
Back, W. and Hanshaw, B.B., 1965. Advances in hydro-science. Chemical geohydrology, 11, p.49.
Bowser, C.J. and Jones, B.F., 2002. Mineralogic controls on the composition of natural waters dominated by silicate hydrolysis. American Journal of Science, 302(7), pp.582-662.
Belkhiri, L., Boudoukha, A., Mouni, L., & Baouz, T.2010. Multivariate statistical characterization of groundwater quality in Ain Azel plain, Algeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(8), pp.526-534.
Ceron, J.C., Pulido-Bosch, A. and Bakalowicz, M., 1999. Application of principal components analysis to the study of CO2-rich thermomineral waters in the aquifer system of Alto Guadalentín (Spain). Hydrological sciences journal, 44(6), pp.929-942.
Chebotarev, I.I., 1955. Metamorphism of natural waters in the crust of weathering—1. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 8(1-2), pp.22-48.
Datta, P. S., and Tyagi, S. K., 1996. Major ion chemistry of ground water in Delhi area: chemical weat hering processes and ground water flow regime. Journal of Geological Society of India, 47, pp.179-188.
Farnham, I.M., Stetzenbach, K.J., Singh, A.K. and Johannesson, K.H., 2000. Deciphering groundwater flow systems in Oasis Valley, Nevada, using trace element chemistry, multivariate statistics, and geographical information system. Mathematical Geology, 32(8), pp.943-968.
Freeze, R. A., and J. A. Cherry. 1979. Ground Water. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Gerla, P.J., 1992. Pathline and geochemical evolution of ground water in a regional discharge area, Red River Valley, North Dakota. Groundwater, 30(5), pp.743-754.
Garrels, R. M., and Mackenzie, F. T., 1971. Evolution of sedimentary rocks.
Garrels, R.M. and Mackenzie, F.T., 1967. Origin of the chemical compositions of some springs and lakes.
Ghali, T., Marah, H., Qurtobi, M. and El Mansouri, B., 2017, November. Application of Inverse Geochemical Modelling to Understand Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater in Berrechid Aquifer, Morocco. In Euro-Mediterranean Conference for Environmental Integration, pp. 683-684.
Gibbs, R.J., 1970. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science, 170(3962), pp.1088-1090.
Grande, J.A., Gonzalez, A., Beltran, R. and Sánchez‐Rodas, D., 1996. Application of Factor Analysis to the Study of Contamination in the Aquifer System of Ayamonte‐Huelva (Spain). Groundwater, 34(1), pp.155-161.
Güler, C., Thyne, G. D., McCray, J. E., and Turner, K. A., 2002. Evaluation of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification of water chemistry data. Hydrogeology Journal, 10(4), pp. 455-474.
Güler, C., & Thyne, G. D. (2004). Hydrologic and geologic factors controlling surface and groundwater chemistry in Indian Wells-Owens Valley area, southeastern California, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 285(1), 177-198.
Hem, J.D. 1985. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. US Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper, 2254.
Ibrahim, K.M. and El-Naqa, A.R., 2018. Inverse geochemical modeling of groundwater salinization in Azraq Basin, Jordan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(10), pp.237.
Kaiser, H. F., 1960. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and psychological measurement, pp.141-151.
Kamensky, G.N., 1958. Hydrochemical zoning in the distribution of underground water. In Symposium of Ground Water Proceedings, Calcutta. pp. 292).
Manoj, S., Thirumurugan, M. and Elango, L., 2019. Hydrogeochemical modelling to understand the surface water–groundwater interaction around a proposed uranium mining site. Journal of Earth System Science, 128(3), pp.49.
Morgan, C.O. and Winner Jr, M.D., 1962. Hydrochemical facies in the 400 foot and 600 foot sands of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 450, pp.120-121.
Murphy, K.P., 2012. Machine learning: a probabilistic perspective. MIT press.
Mazor, E., 1991, Applied Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley, New York.
Naderi Peikam, E. and Jalali, M., 2016. Application of inverse geochemical modelling for predicting surface water chemistry in Ekbatan watershed, Hamedan, western Iran. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61(6), pp.1124-1134.
Parkhurst, D. L., and Appelo, C. A. J., 1999, User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2): A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations, pp. 54-73, 98-103.
Parkurst, D.L., Thorstenson, D.C. and Plummer, L.N., 1980. PHREEQE, a computer program for geochemical calculations. US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report, 80, 96 pp.
Smith, L. I., 2002. a tutorial on principal components analysis. Cornell University, USA, pp.51- 52.
Plummer, N. and Back, W., 1980. The mass balance approach: application to interpreting the chemical evolution of hydrologic systems. American Journal of Science, 280(2), pp.130-142.
Plummer, L.N., Prestemon, E.C. and Parkhurst, D.L., 1994. An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling net geochemical reactions along a flow path, version 2.0. Water-Resources Investigations Report, 94, p.4169.
Samani, S. and Moghaddam, A.A., 2015. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and origin of salinity in Ajabshir aquifer, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 48(3-4), pp.175-189.
Sanchez-Martos, F., Jimenez-Espinosa, R. and Pulido-Bosch, A., 2001. Mapping groundwater quality variables using PCA and geostatistics: a case study of Bajo Andarax, southeastern Spain. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46(2), pp.227-242.
Seaber, P.R., 1965. Variations in chemical character of water in the Englishtown Formation, New Jersey. US Government Printing Office.
Smith, L.I., 2002. A tutorial on principal components analysis.
Stallard, R.F. and Edmond, J.M., 1983. Geochemistry of the Amazon: 2. The influence of geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 88(C14), pp.9671-9688.
Stetzenbach, K.J., Hodge, V.F., Guo, C., Farnham, I.M. and Johannesson, K.H., 2001. Geochemical and statistical evidence of deep carbonate groundwater within overlying volcanic rock aquifers/aquitards of southern Nevada, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 243(3-4), pp.254-271.
Suvedha, M., Gurugnanam, B., Suganya, M., and Vasudevan, S., 2009. Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data of ground water in Veeranam catchment area, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 74(5), pp. 573-578.
Walton, W. C., 1970, Groundwater Resource Evaluation, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Ward Jr, J. H., 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), pp. 236-244
Ward Jr, J.H., 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American statistical association, 58(301), pp.236-244.
White, A.F., Claassen, H.C. and Benson, L.V., 1980. The effect of dissolution of volcanic glass on the water chemistry in a tuffaceous aquifer, Rainier Mesa, Nevada. US Government Printing Office.

Keywords

References

آقانباتی، ع.، 1383، زمین‌شناسی ایران، سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اکتشاف معدنی کشور.
Alley, W. M., 1993, Regional Ground-Water Quality, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
Back, W., 1960. Origin of hydrochemical facies of ground water in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. In Proceedings of 21st international geological congress, Copenhagen (Vol. 1, pp. 87-95).
Back, W. and Hanshaw, B.B., 1965. Advances in hydro-science. Chemical geohydrology, 11, p.49.
Bowser, C.J. and Jones, B.F., 2002. Mineralogic controls on the composition of natural waters dominated by silicate hydrolysis. American Journal of Science, 302(7), pp.582-662.
Belkhiri, L., Boudoukha, A., Mouni, L., & Baouz, T.2010. Multivariate statistical characterization of groundwater quality in Ain Azel plain, Algeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(8), pp.526-534.
Ceron, J.C., Pulido-Bosch, A. and Bakalowicz, M., 1999. Application of principal components analysis to the study of CO2-rich thermomineral waters in the aquifer system of Alto Guadalentín (Spain). Hydrological sciences journal, 44(6), pp.929-942.
Chebotarev, I.I., 1955. Metamorphism of natural waters in the crust of weathering—1. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 8(1-2), pp.22-48.
Datta, P. S., and Tyagi, S. K., 1996. Major ion chemistry of ground water in Delhi area: chemical weat hering processes and ground water flow regime. Journal of Geological Society of India, 47, pp.179-188.
Farnham, I.M., Stetzenbach, K.J., Singh, A.K. and Johannesson, K.H., 2000. Deciphering groundwater flow systems in Oasis Valley, Nevada, using trace element chemistry, multivariate statistics, and geographical information system. Mathematical Geology, 32(8), pp.943-968.
Freeze, R. A., and J. A. Cherry. 1979. Ground Water. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Gerla, P.J., 1992. Pathline and geochemical evolution of ground water in a regional discharge area, Red River Valley, North Dakota. Groundwater, 30(5), pp.743-754.
Garrels, R. M., and Mackenzie, F. T., 1971. Evolution of sedimentary rocks.
Garrels, R.M. and Mackenzie, F.T., 1967. Origin of the chemical compositions of some springs and lakes.
Ghali, T., Marah, H., Qurtobi, M. and El Mansouri, B., 2017, November. Application of Inverse Geochemical Modelling to Understand Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater in Berrechid Aquifer, Morocco. In Euro-Mediterranean Conference for Environmental Integration, pp. 683-684.
Gibbs, R.J., 1970. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science, 170(3962), pp.1088-1090.
Grande, J.A., Gonzalez, A., Beltran, R. and Sánchez‐Rodas, D., 1996. Application of Factor Analysis to the Study of Contamination in the Aquifer System of Ayamonte‐Huelva (Spain). Groundwater, 34(1), pp.155-161.
Güler, C., Thyne, G. D., McCray, J. E., and Turner, K. A., 2002. Evaluation of graphical and multivariate statistical methods for classification of water chemistry data. Hydrogeology Journal, 10(4), pp. 455-474.
Güler, C., & Thyne, G. D. (2004). Hydrologic and geologic factors controlling surface and groundwater chemistry in Indian Wells-Owens Valley area, southeastern California, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 285(1), 177-198.
Hem, J.D. 1985. Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water. US Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper, 2254.
Ibrahim, K.M. and El-Naqa, A.R., 2018. Inverse geochemical modeling of groundwater salinization in Azraq Basin, Jordan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11(10), pp.237.
Kaiser, H. F., 1960. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and psychological measurement, pp.141-151.
Kamensky, G.N., 1958. Hydrochemical zoning in the distribution of underground water. In Symposium of Ground Water Proceedings, Calcutta. pp. 292).
Manoj, S., Thirumurugan, M. and Elango, L., 2019. Hydrogeochemical modelling to understand the surface water–groundwater interaction around a proposed uranium mining site. Journal of Earth System Science, 128(3), pp.49.
Morgan, C.O. and Winner Jr, M.D., 1962. Hydrochemical facies in the 400 foot and 600 foot sands of the Baton Rouge area, Louisiana. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper, 450, pp.120-121.
Murphy, K.P., 2012. Machine learning: a probabilistic perspective. MIT press.
Mazor, E., 1991, Applied Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley, New York.
Naderi Peikam, E. and Jalali, M., 2016. Application of inverse geochemical modelling for predicting surface water chemistry in Ekbatan watershed, Hamedan, western Iran. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61(6), pp.1124-1134.
Parkhurst, D. L., and Appelo, C. A. J., 1999, User's guide to PHREEQC (Version 2): A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations, pp. 54-73, 98-103.
Parkurst, D.L., Thorstenson, D.C. and Plummer, L.N., 1980. PHREEQE, a computer program for geochemical calculations. US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report, 80, 96 pp.
Smith, L. I., 2002. a tutorial on principal components analysis. Cornell University, USA, pp.51- 52.
Plummer, N. and Back, W., 1980. The mass balance approach: application to interpreting the chemical evolution of hydrologic systems. American Journal of Science, 280(2), pp.130-142.
Plummer, L.N., Prestemon, E.C. and Parkhurst, D.L., 1994. An interactive code (NETPATH) for modeling net geochemical reactions along a flow path, version 2.0. Water-Resources Investigations Report, 94, p.4169.
Samani, S. and Moghaddam, A.A., 2015. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and origin of salinity in Ajabshir aquifer, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 48(3-4), pp.175-189.
Sanchez-Martos, F., Jimenez-Espinosa, R. and Pulido-Bosch, A., 2001. Mapping groundwater quality variables using PCA and geostatistics: a case study of Bajo Andarax, southeastern Spain. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46(2), pp.227-242.
Seaber, P.R., 1965. Variations in chemical character of water in the Englishtown Formation, New Jersey. US Government Printing Office.
Smith, L.I., 2002. A tutorial on principal components analysis.
Stallard, R.F. and Edmond, J.M., 1983. Geochemistry of the Amazon: 2. The influence of geology and weathering environment on the dissolved load. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 88(C14), pp.9671-9688.
Stetzenbach, K.J., Hodge, V.F., Guo, C., Farnham, I.M. and Johannesson, K.H., 2001. Geochemical and statistical evidence of deep carbonate groundwater within overlying volcanic rock aquifers/aquitards of southern Nevada, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 243(3-4), pp.254-271.
Suvedha, M., Gurugnanam, B., Suganya, M., and Vasudevan, S., 2009. Multivariate statistical analysis of geochemical data of ground water in Veeranam catchment area, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 74(5), pp. 573-578.
Walton, W. C., 1970, Groundwater Resource Evaluation, McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Ward Jr, J. H., 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58(301), pp. 236-244
Ward Jr, J.H., 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American statistical association, 58(301), pp.236-244.
White, A.F., Claassen, H.C. and Benson, L.V., 1980. The effect of dissolution of volcanic glass on the water chemistry in a tuffaceous aquifer, Rainier Mesa, Nevada. US Government Printing Office.
Hydrogeology
Volume 5, Issue 1
September 2020
Pages 16-33

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