University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Forecasting the flooding in the site of the Zabol gas transmission line, in the Hamoun Wetland, using climate change and hydrological models Forecasting the flooding in the site of the Zabol gas transmission line, in the Hamoun Wetland, using climate change and hydrological models 1 12 12559 10.22034/hydro.2022.12559 FA Reza Jahanshahi Associate Professore in Hydrogeology, Department of Geology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran 0000-0003-2931-2377 Sepideh Mali Ph.D Student of Hydrogeology, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran Mohsen Hamidianpour Associate Professor in Climatology, Department of Physical Geography, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran Journal Article 2020 08 23 Hamoun wetland includes Hamoun Pozak, Saberi and Helmand as the largest freshwater lake in Iran and one of the most important wetlands of international importance. This wetland is located in the southeast of Iran in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Due to the increase in rainfall in Afghanistan and eastern Iran in 2018-2020, there is a possibility of flooding of the gas transmission pipeline from Dashtak Launcher Station to Zabol city in a part of Helmand wetland. Based on the Projection of the General Circulation models (GCMs), in the future there is a possibility of increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall in Sistan erea. Therefore, based on 5 models and two scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, first the precipitation and temperature values in the period (2020-2040) were calculated and then the hydrological variables were predicted. In order to simulate water level changes in Hamoun Wetland, various scenario of the floods with different return periods in unstable flow mode was performed using HEC-RAS software and flood zoning was calculated as the maximum water depth at any point in Hamoun Wetland. Examination of rainfall and water discharge of Sistan and Helmand rivers showed that most river floods and flooding of wetlands occur annually in the period from February to May. The actual monthly hydrograph flood of the Helmand River (October 2002 to October 2012) showed that the peak of this flood has a return period of about 130 years. Simulation showed that the flooding of the gas pipeline will occur in places located at 20, 30, 68, 80 and 104 km of Dashtak crossroads and especially in the location of Shila waterway and the water depth varies between 1.5 to 5 meters. Therefore, in the above-mentioned places, the necessary measures should be taken to prevent the gas pipe from floating. Hamoun wetland includes Hamoun Pozak, Saberi and Helmand as the largest freshwater lake in Iran and one of the most important wetlands of international importance. This wetland is located in the southeast of Iran in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Due to the increase in rainfall in Afghanistan and eastern Iran in 2018-2020, there is a possibility of flooding of the gas transmission pipeline from Dashtak Launcher Station to Zabol city in a part of Helmand wetland. Based on the Projection of the General Circulation models (GCMs), in the future there is a possibility of increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall in Sistan erea. Therefore, based on 5 models and two scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, first the precipitation and temperature values in the period (2020-2040) were calculated and then the hydrological variables were predicted. In order to simulate water level changes in Hamoun Wetland, various scenario of the floods with different return periods in unstable flow mode was performed using HEC-RAS software and flood zoning was calculated as the maximum water depth at any point in Hamoun Wetland. Examination of rainfall and water discharge of Sistan and Helmand rivers showed that most river floods and flooding of wetlands occur annually in the period from February to May. The actual monthly hydrograph flood of the Helmand River (October 2002 to October 2012) showed that the peak of this flood has a return period of about 130 years. Simulation showed that the flooding of the gas pipeline will occur in places located at 20, 30, 68, 80 and 104 km of Dashtak crossroads and especially in the location of Shila waterway and the water depth varies between 1.5 to 5 meters. Therefore, in the above-mentioned places, the necessary measures should be taken to prevent the gas pipe from floating.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_12559_915b965df53e33e14e99670fbfb9ad49.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Predicting the effects of overuse on Zarandieh plain aquifer (Markazi province, Iran) using GMS software Predicting the effects of overuse on Zarandieh plain aquifer (Markazi province, Iran) using GMS software 13 29 13017 10.22034/hydro.2022.13017 FA Mohammad Nakhaei Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Ali Hasani Master of Water Resources (Hydrogeology), Saveh, Iran Homayoun Moghimi Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Esfandiar Abbasnovinpour Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2020 10 27 The studied aquifer is located in the Zarandieh Plain of Markazi Province with an area of about 1200 square kilometres. Therefore, in order to identify and protect the optimal use of groundwater resources, a mathematical model of the aquifer was constructed using the MODFLOW code under the 7.1 GMS interface. For this purpose, first, a conceptual model is prepared and then a numerical model based on it, based on water level changes using water table statistics of 14 piezometric wells in the region, in a time step of one month for steady state (October 2010) and a period of 12 months (November 2010 Until October 2011) for the unstable state, was calibrated manually and automatically. During this stage, the initial values of hydraulic conductivity (K) were optimized. At the end of calibration, in the steady state, the RMS amount reached 1.265 meters and in the unstable state, the RMS amount reached 2.145 meters, which is less than the allowable error value of ± 2.5 meters and is acceptable. Also, the validity of the model was performed in another period of 12 months (November 2011 to the end of October 2012) and at the end of validation, the RMS value was calculated to be 2.46 m. Due to the appropriateness of the RMS values of the simulated model, it has the ability to predict the future status of the aquifer. Then, after confirming the accuracy of the model in the validation phase, the future conditions of the aquifer were predicted and the results showed that in the next 3 years, with the continuation of the current trend of harvesting from exploitation wells, in some parts of the aquifer will decline. The studied aquifer is located in the Zarandieh Plain of Markazi Province with an area of about 1200 square kilometres. Therefore, in order to identify and protect the optimal use of groundwater resources, a mathematical model of the aquifer was constructed using the MODFLOW code under the 7.1 GMS interface. For this purpose, first, a conceptual model is prepared and then a numerical model based on it, based on water level changes using water table statistics of 14 piezometric wells in the region, in a time step of one month for steady state (October 2010) and a period of 12 months (November 2010 Until October 2011) for the unstable state, was calibrated manually and automatically. During this stage, the initial values of hydraulic conductivity (K) were optimized. At the end of calibration, in the steady state, the RMS amount reached 1.265 meters and in the unstable state, the RMS amount reached 2.145 meters, which is less than the allowable error value of ± 2.5 meters and is acceptable. Also, the validity of the model was performed in another period of 12 months (November 2011 to the end of October 2012) and at the end of validation, the RMS value was calculated to be 2.46 m. Due to the appropriateness of the RMS values of the simulated model, it has the ability to predict the future status of the aquifer. Then, after confirming the accuracy of the model in the validation phase, the future conditions of the aquifer were predicted and the results showed that in the next 3 years, with the continuation of the current trend of harvesting from exploitation wells, in some parts of the aquifer will decline.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13017_3ead290ccb273ea725e7f3bb520095f6.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Monitoring the Changes of Zaribar Lake in Kurdistan Using Spectral Indicators and Landsat Images in Google Earth Engine System Monitoring the Changes of Zaribar Lake in Kurdistan Using Spectral Indicators and Landsat Images in Google Earth Engine System 30 41 12845 10.22034/hydro.2022.12845 FA Hossein Yousefi Associate Professor, Department of New Energy and Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hasan Torabi Podeh Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran Ali Haghizadeh Associate Professor, Department of Watershed Management, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran Arman Samadi Graduate of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Azadeh Arshiya PhD student in Hydraulic Structures, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran Yarahmadi Yarahmadi PhD student in Watershed Science and Engineering, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran Journal Article 2021 03 22 Lakes are considered valuable national resources of any country and the study of changes in the level and volume of water of lakes in order to protect them and also for better decision-making and management of water resources is always of particular importance. The study of changes in recent years has found a special place among countries. In this study, the changes in the area of Zaribar Lake located in Kurdistan province in the long-term period of 36 years, from 1984-2020, have been monitored. It is noteworthy that in this study, the Google Earth Engine system, or GEE for short, was used, which is a new and very useful system in recent years. This system makes a large amount of information available with coding in the shortest time. In the present study, using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images and GEE system and NDWI and MNDWI spectral algorithms in the shortest time and cost, water zone separation from other phenomena was done using thresholding and long-term changes in its area. Checked out. The mentioned changes are important for water resources management as well as crisis management in the region due to the importance of Zaribar Lake. Validation of the results and comparison between the indicators for Zaribar Lake showed that the MNDWI index with a kappa coefficient of 0.94 and an overall accuracy of 97% for the recent period is a very suitable index for this region and its results are much better than the NDWI index and The result is more efficient. Fluctuations in the surface of Lake Zaribar have been high over a long period of 36 years. For example, the average level of the lake in the period 1984-1995 with the index MNDWI of 852.960 hectares and in the period 2020-2015 with the same index, is 989.371 hectares. It is recommended that researchers, planners and executive users use the spectral indicators and the GEE system due to their high capabilities to identify the trend of changes in water areas in water resources management. Lakes are considered valuable national resources of any country and the study of changes in the level and volume of water of lakes in order to protect them and also for better decision-making and management of water resources is always of particular importance. The study of changes in recent years has found a special place among countries. In this study, the changes in the area of Zaribar Lake located in Kurdistan province in the long-term period of 36 years, from 1984-2020, have been monitored. It is noteworthy that in this study, the Google Earth Engine system, or GEE for short, was used, which is a new and very useful system in recent years. This system makes a large amount of information available with coding in the shortest time. In the present study, using Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images and GEE system and NDWI and MNDWI spectral algorithms in the shortest time and cost, water zone separation from other phenomena was done using thresholding and long-term changes in its area. Checked out. The mentioned changes are important for water resources management as well as crisis management in the region due to the importance of Zaribar Lake. Validation of the results and comparison between the indicators for Zaribar Lake showed that the MNDWI index with a kappa coefficient of 0.94 and an overall accuracy of 97% for the recent period is a very suitable index for this region and its results are much better than the NDWI index and The result is more efficient. Fluctuations in the surface of Lake Zaribar have been high over a long period of 36 years. For example, the average level of the lake in the period 1984-1995 with the index MNDWI of 852.960 hectares and in the period 2020-2015 with the same index, is 989.371 hectares. It is recommended that researchers, planners and executive users use the spectral indicators and the GEE system due to their high capabilities to identify the trend of changes in water areas in water resources management.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_12845_74cca4fd730c1576cca58fc6604fb135.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Detecting saline water plume in a heterogeneous synthetic aquifer through a combination of POD and geoelectrical surveys Detecting saline water plume in a heterogeneous synthetic aquifer through a combination of POD and geoelectrical surveys 42 51 13436 10.22034/hydro.2022.13436 FA Abolfazl Rezaei Assistant Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan Iran Farnaz Shahriari MSc student of Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran Maryeh Cheraghi MSc student of Geophysics, Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 05 In recent decades, geoelectrical surveys have been progressively used to capture the geometry and evolution of contaminant plumes in groundwater systems. In this study, we examine a procedure of a combination of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and geoelectrical forward and inversion models to map the salinity plume inside a heterogeneous synthetic aquifer through the surface resistivity data. Here, we improve the framework presented by Oware et al. (2013) in which they used POD as part of the geoelectric inversion stage needing a higher memory and time to run as well as using a finite difference approach. More importantly, the center of mass of the final modeled plume obtained from their methodology required to be shifted to the mass center of the original plume, resulting in the inapplicability of the method for the real cases in which the mass center of the plume is still unknown before modeling. Since the POD method is separately performed prior to the geoelectrical models and also solved through the finite-element rather than the finite-difference approach, the presented procedure, in addition to decrease the required RAM capacity, can correctly capture the spatial distribution and geometry of the salinity plume without the need for shifting the mass center of the modeled plume, so that, it can be reasonably used for real cases. Moreover, the findings from the three different scenarios of salinity injection (single injection point on the border, single injection point somewhere inside the aquifer, and two injection points somewhere inside the aquifer) show that the border effect may cause a horizontal shift in the modeled plume compared to the reference case. Additionally, the results indicate that the strength of the method for detecting the geometry of the plume decreases with depth. In recent decades, geoelectrical surveys have been progressively used to capture the geometry and evolution of contaminant plumes in groundwater systems. In this study, we examine a procedure of a combination of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and geoelectrical forward and inversion models to map the salinity plume inside a heterogeneous synthetic aquifer through the surface resistivity data. Here, we improve the framework presented by Oware et al. (2013) in which they used POD as part of the geoelectric inversion stage needing a higher memory and time to run as well as using a finite difference approach. More importantly, the center of mass of the final modeled plume obtained from their methodology required to be shifted to the mass center of the original plume, resulting in the inapplicability of the method for the real cases in which the mass center of the plume is still unknown before modeling. Since the POD method is separately performed prior to the geoelectrical models and also solved through the finite-element rather than the finite-difference approach, the presented procedure, in addition to decrease the required RAM capacity, can correctly capture the spatial distribution and geometry of the salinity plume without the need for shifting the mass center of the modeled plume, so that, it can be reasonably used for real cases. Moreover, the findings from the three different scenarios of salinity injection (single injection point on the border, single injection point somewhere inside the aquifer, and two injection points somewhere inside the aquifer) show that the border effect may cause a horizontal shift in the modeled plume compared to the reference case. Additionally, the results indicate that the strength of the method for detecting the geometry of the plume decreases with depth.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13436_a80c82bf5c96e1e133fdbbac1faa0f4b.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Hydrochemical study of water wells in Bonab and Malekan cities with the aim of evaluating groundwater quality, An environmental geology approach Hydrochemical study of water wells in Bonab and Malekan cities with the aim of evaluating groundwater quality, An environmental geology approach 52 66 12701 10.22034/hydro.2022.12701 FA Fazel Khaleghi Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Naser Mosayebzadeh M.Sc. in Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 03 Bonab-Malekan area is located in the northwest of Iran and in the southwest of East Azarbaijan province. 12 water samples were collected from the water wells of Bonab and Malekan in order to investigate the hydrochemistry of groundwater. Water quality data of selected wells including pH, EC, TDS and eight other parameters were analyzed by Chemistry, AQQA and SPSS software for processing and interpretation which were evaluated to determine the quality of samples for drinking, agricultural and industrial use. Scholer diagram was used to assess water quality in drinking water. For the determination of water quality for irrigation and industry purposes, the Wilcox diagram and Lange index are used, respectively. According to the Schuler diagram, the water samples of the area indicate a range between good and acceptable waters, indicating the favorable water quality of the area for drinking purposes. Also, according to the Wilcox diagram, the samples in the area indicate two categories including good and average water quality. Among the selected samples, W12 was of good quality and the others were of medium quality. Furthermore, collected samples from W8, W9, W10 and W12 wells could be used for industrial purposes, however, the sample of W6 was scaly. Samples taken from the area are mainly classified as very hard in the total hardness (TH) category which causes consumer dissatisfaction. The samples of the Bonab area were all corrosive due to the low thickness of the Bonab aquifer compared to the Malekan aquifer. Thus, the corrosive properties of the Bonab samples cause water pert and health problems. Bonab-Malekan area is located in the northwest of Iran and in the southwest of East Azarbaijan province. 12 water samples were collected from the water wells of Bonab and Malekan in order to investigate the hydrochemistry of groundwater. Water quality data of selected wells including pH, EC, TDS and eight other parameters were analyzed by Chemistry, AQQA and SPSS software for processing and interpretation which were evaluated to determine the quality of samples for drinking, agricultural and industrial use. Scholer diagram was used to assess water quality in drinking water. For the determination of water quality for irrigation and industry purposes, the Wilcox diagram and Lange index are used, respectively. According to the Schuler diagram, the water samples of the area indicate a range between good and acceptable waters, indicating the favorable water quality of the area for drinking purposes. Also, according to the Wilcox diagram, the samples in the area indicate two categories including good and average water quality. Among the selected samples, W12 was of good quality and the others were of medium quality. Furthermore, collected samples from W8, W9, W10 and W12 wells could be used for industrial purposes, however, the sample of W6 was scaly. Samples taken from the area are mainly classified as very hard in the total hardness (TH) category which causes consumer dissatisfaction. The samples of the Bonab area were all corrosive due to the low thickness of the Bonab aquifer compared to the Malekan aquifer. Thus, the corrosive properties of the Bonab samples cause water pert and health problems.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_12701_d9dca6656bf6830ad572aee100091f0d.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Effects of evaporation rate on groundwater level and drainage coefficient by means of HYDRUS-2D software (Case study: Interception drain of Qazvin plain) Effects of evaporation rate on groundwater level and drainage coefficient by means of HYDRUS-2D software (Case study: Interception drain of Qazvin plain) 67 78 11209 10.22034/hydro.2022.11209 FA Mahdieh Latifi M.Sc. student of Irr. & Dra. Eng., Water Sci. & Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agri. & Natural Res. Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran Masoud Soltani Assistant Prof. Water Sci. & Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agri. & Natural Res. Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin Iran Hadi Ramezani Etedali Associate Prof. Water Sci. & Eng. Dept., Faculty of Agri. & Natural Res. Imam Khomeini International University Qazvin, Iran Journal Article 2020 07 03 Fresh groundwater overexploitation causes many problems the most important of which are saline water expansion to upstream lands and enhancing salt concentration in shallow groundwater conditions. Interceptor drains can control salinity expansion and decrease saline water hydraulic gradient to freshwater resources. Also, in arid and semi-arid regions evaporation plays an important role in decreasing hydraulic head. In this research, HYDRUS-2D has been used in order to assess the effect of evaporation on groundwater depth and drainage coefficient in Abyek interception drain. This salt marsh has located in the southeast of Qazvin and the purpose of installing an interceptor drain in this area is to lower the saline groundwater level and control the salinity expansion till upstream lands gradually improve by soil leaching due to rainfall and groundwater flow and drainage outflow. Simulation has been done in 90 days for three soil texture: clay, loam and sand and four evaporation rate including: low, medium, high (0.2, 1, 2.5 ) and without evaporation. Results showed that clay evaporation has a significant role in causing a decrease in water table level and drainage coefficient. As the evaporation rate increased from 0 to 0.2 groundwater level drop increased by 16.5% and the drainage coefficient decreased by 20.6%. in loamy soil, these values were 1.9% and 1.7%, respectively. As a result, the effect of evaporation is less in loamy soil and a low evaporation rate can be ignored. Also, low and medium evaporation rates in sandy soils are ineffective in causing groundwater level decrease and reducing drainage coefficient. While high evaporation rate with a 6.9% increase in water level fall and a 15.7% decrease in drainage coefficient is effective and should be measured accurately and considered in the simulation. The results of this study are consistent with the work of researchers who have worked in related fields and it is suggested that special attention should be paid to the effect of evaporation in drainage studies especially in clay soils. Fresh groundwater overexploitation causes many problems the most important of which are saline water expansion to upstream lands and enhancing salt concentration in shallow groundwater conditions. Interceptor drains can control salinity expansion and decrease saline water hydraulic gradient to freshwater resources. Also, in arid and semi-arid regions evaporation plays an important role in decreasing hydraulic head. In this research, HYDRUS-2D has been used in order to assess the effect of evaporation on groundwater depth and drainage coefficient in Abyek interception drain. This salt marsh has located in the southeast of Qazvin and the purpose of installing an interceptor drain in this area is to lower the saline groundwater level and control the salinity expansion till upstream lands gradually improve by soil leaching due to rainfall and groundwater flow and drainage outflow. Simulation has been done in 90 days for three soil texture: clay, loam and sand and four evaporation rate including: low, medium, high (0.2, 1, 2.5 ) and without evaporation. Results showed that clay evaporation has a significant role in causing a decrease in water table level and drainage coefficient. As the evaporation rate increased from 0 to 0.2 groundwater level drop increased by 16.5% and the drainage coefficient decreased by 20.6%. in loamy soil, these values were 1.9% and 1.7%, respectively. As a result, the effect of evaporation is less in loamy soil and a low evaporation rate can be ignored. Also, low and medium evaporation rates in sandy soils are ineffective in causing groundwater level decrease and reducing drainage coefficient. While high evaporation rate with a 6.9% increase in water level fall and a 15.7% decrease in drainage coefficient is effective and should be measured accurately and considered in the simulation. The results of this study are consistent with the work of researchers who have worked in related fields and it is suggested that special attention should be paid to the effect of evaporation in drainage studies especially in clay soils.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11209_440f222b071bb1bbd0b1589694f61cb7.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Investigation of geochemical interactions of groundwater resources of Kamarderaz anticline plunge using statistical methods, Southwest of Izeh city Investigation of geochemical interactions of groundwater resources of Kamarderaz anticline plunge using statistical methods, Southwest of Izeh city 79 94 14124 10.22034/hydro.2022.14124 FA Seyed Yahya Mirzaee Arjenaki Assistant professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran Sorour Mazrae Asl M.Sc. of Hydrogeology, Behkarab Consulting Engineering Company, Ahvaz, Iran Hosein Karimi Vardanjani Ph.D. of Hydrogeology, Abatipajooh Consulting Engineering Company, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2020 08 03 Karstic aquifers are one of the most important freshwater resources, and in some areas, they are the only available water resources. These resources have significant challenges, including reduced quality and increased pollution. Izeh city in the southwest of Iran intensively depends on karstic water resources due to the lack of access to surface water streams. Accordingly, five water wells were drilled to supply part of the city's and surrounding villages' drinking water in the Kamarderaz anticline plunge. During the drilling in the Atabaki area, two wells encountered H2S gas penetration and increased Ec during drilling, making the wells cumbering. The chemical parameters of water resources were measured to investigate the causes of qualitative changes in 4 states during two seasons in spring and summer over 2017-2018. Na /Cl, Br /Cl, I /Cl ion ratios, and Total Organic Carbon Index (TOC) was used to differentiate salinity sources, water sources mixing with brine, and the infiltration of hydrocarbons into water. In this study, statistical analysis, including PCA and AHC, was used to more accurately investigate the factors affecting the qualitative changes in the region. According to the statistical analysis in the area, two factors of carbonate mineral dissolution, evaporation and brine infiltration, have simultaneously affected the water quality, especially in the western part of the plunge anticline. TOC analysis and Na /Cl, Br /Cl, and I /Cl ratios illustrated the mixing of water and oil brines and the infiltration of hydrocarbons. Karstic aquifers are one of the most important freshwater resources, and in some areas, they are the only available water resources. These resources have significant challenges, including reduced quality and increased pollution. Izeh city in the southwest of Iran intensively depends on karstic water resources due to the lack of access to surface water streams. Accordingly, five water wells were drilled to supply part of the city's and surrounding villages' drinking water in the Kamarderaz anticline plunge. During the drilling in the Atabaki area, two wells encountered H2S gas penetration and increased Ec during drilling, making the wells cumbering. The chemical parameters of water resources were measured to investigate the causes of qualitative changes in 4 states during two seasons in spring and summer over 2017-2018. Na /Cl, Br /Cl, I /Cl ion ratios, and Total Organic Carbon Index (TOC) was used to differentiate salinity sources, water sources mixing with brine, and the infiltration of hydrocarbons into water. In this study, statistical analysis, including PCA and AHC, was used to more accurately investigate the factors affecting the qualitative changes in the region. According to the statistical analysis in the area, two factors of carbonate mineral dissolution, evaporation and brine infiltration, have simultaneously affected the water quality, especially in the western part of the plunge anticline. TOC analysis and Na /Cl, Br /Cl, and I /Cl ratios illustrated the mixing of water and oil brines and the infiltration of hydrocarbons.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_14124_8d45d6d3925723e6b387bbb756abac2c.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Evaluation of the Aghili aquifer hydrochemical status with emphasis on multivariable statistics method Evaluation of the Aghili aquifer hydrochemical status with emphasis on multivariable statistics method 95 108 11215 10.22034/hydro.2022.11215 FA Nasrollah Kalantari Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Alahen Sheikhzadeh M.Sc. Graduate in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Hadi Mohammadi M.Sc. Graduate in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Zahra Chaghazardi M.Sc. Graduate in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2020 02 20 Groundwater is one of the most important sources of drinking agricultural and industrial water supply in the world and its importance is increasing due to population growth and climate change. therefore Improper management of water resources, lack of rainfall and recent droughts have adversely affected the quantity and quality of groundwater resources in most parts of Iran. Due to the importance of Aghili alluvial aquifer located in Khuzestan province in the agricultural sector and also the supply of drinking water to cities and villages in the study area, the groundwater quality status of this aquifer has been studied. In order to study the parameters affecting the groundwater quality of the Aghili aquifer, the results of the chemical analysis of 13 exploitation wells in March of the wet year (2014-2015) were used. In this study, in order to identify the factors affecting the groundwater quality of the Aghili aquifer, saturation index, ion exchange diagrams, drawing methods and multivariate statistical methods (principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA)) were employed. The predominant type of groundwater in this aquifer is sodium chloride. The PCA showed that two factors with a total of 82.2% of the total changes (the first factor of 61.4% including the parameters Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na +, K +, Cl- and SO42- and the second factor of 20.8 in Including pH and HCO3 parameters control the quality of Aghili aquifer water resources. Based on the results of HCA of hydrochemical data, two clusters were observed. In general, dissolution of minerals, sedimentation, reverse ion exchange, and agricultural wastewater are among the most critical factors affecting the groundwater quality of the Aghili aquifer. Groundwater is one of the most important sources of drinking agricultural and industrial water supply in the world and its importance is increasing due to population growth and climate change. therefore Improper management of water resources, lack of rainfall and recent droughts have adversely affected the quantity and quality of groundwater resources in most parts of Iran. Due to the importance of Aghili alluvial aquifer located in Khuzestan province in the agricultural sector and also the supply of drinking water to cities and villages in the study area, the groundwater quality status of this aquifer has been studied. In order to study the parameters affecting the groundwater quality of the Aghili aquifer, the results of the chemical analysis of 13 exploitation wells in March of the wet year (2014-2015) were used. In this study, in order to identify the factors affecting the groundwater quality of the Aghili aquifer, saturation index, ion exchange diagrams, drawing methods and multivariate statistical methods (principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA)) were employed. The predominant type of groundwater in this aquifer is sodium chloride. The PCA showed that two factors with a total of 82.2% of the total changes (the first factor of 61.4% including the parameters Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na +, K +, Cl- and SO42- and the second factor of 20.8 in Including pH and HCO3 parameters control the quality of Aghili aquifer water resources. Based on the results of HCA of hydrochemical data, two clusters were observed. In general, dissolution of minerals, sedimentation, reverse ion exchange, and agricultural wastewater are among the most critical factors affecting the groundwater quality of the Aghili aquifer.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_11215_361e04fb36ecee077a13413ff6fec1a3.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Vulnerability of Lahijan-Chaboksar aquifer using comparative assessment of three indices of GALDIT, SINTACS, and AVI Vulnerability of Lahijan-Chaboksar aquifer using comparative assessment of three indices of GALDIT, SINTACS, and AVI 109 120 12373 10.22034/hydro.2022.12373 FA Maedeh Gharadaghi M.Sc., Department of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Hamed Ketabchi Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Jamal Mohammad-Vali-Samani Professor, Department of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 08 06 Many countries throughout the world have a large population in coastal areas. Therefore, appropriate water supply in these areas is an important task. The increasing development of human societies has been a major contributor to environmental pollution, especially in the water sector. Groundwater vulnerability mapping is used to conserve the quality of groundwater resources. In this study, a comparative evaluation of the vulnerability was performed using three GALDIT, SINTACS and AVI indices to determine vulnerable areas in the Lahijan - Chaboksar coastal aquifer. The GALDIT index offers better results than groundwater vulnerability to the intrusion of seawater in the coastal aquifer, especially in the flat areas, which cannot be identified by SINTACS and AVI. The results of AVI indicate a larger area that is highly vulnerable compared to the SINTACS index, but both methods show the high vulnerability of groundwater in Lahijan - Chaboksar aquifer due to pollution from ground surface sources. In general, this aquifer has a higher vulnerability to pollution on the coasts and the near zones to the Caspian Sea, particularly in the northern parts of the study area. It is needed to special attention considered for aquifer control and protection. The AVI and SINTACS indices can be applied to assess the vulnerability of no coastal aquifers and, in combination with GALDIT, is a useful tool for assessing the vulnerability of groundwater against any pollution at ground surface sources and the intrusion of seawater into the groundwater of coastal aquifers. Many countries throughout the world have a large population in coastal areas. Therefore, appropriate water supply in these areas is an important task. The increasing development of human societies has been a major contributor to environmental pollution, especially in the water sector. Groundwater vulnerability mapping is used to conserve the quality of groundwater resources. In this study, a comparative evaluation of the vulnerability was performed using three GALDIT, SINTACS and AVI indices to determine vulnerable areas in the Lahijan - Chaboksar coastal aquifer. The GALDIT index offers better results than groundwater vulnerability to the intrusion of seawater in the coastal aquifer, especially in the flat areas, which cannot be identified by SINTACS and AVI. The results of AVI indicate a larger area that is highly vulnerable compared to the SINTACS index, but both methods show the high vulnerability of groundwater in Lahijan - Chaboksar aquifer due to pollution from ground surface sources. In general, this aquifer has a higher vulnerability to pollution on the coasts and the near zones to the Caspian Sea, particularly in the northern parts of the study area. It is needed to special attention considered for aquifer control and protection. The AVI and SINTACS indices can be applied to assess the vulnerability of no coastal aquifers and, in combination with GALDIT, is a useful tool for assessing the vulnerability of groundwater against any pollution at ground surface sources and the intrusion of seawater into the groundwater of coastal aquifers.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_12373_767f748ca3749920527692753dfc4800.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Removal of cyanide from aqueous solutions using natural zeolite modified with cationic surfactant Removal of cyanide from aqueous solutions using natural zeolite modified with cationic surfactant 121 131 13437 10.22034/hydro.2022.13437 FA Mehdi Soleymani Gharegol PhD student, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Kazem Badv Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Behzad Nemati Akhgar Assistant Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mining Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Journal Article 2021 05 02 Cyanide is one of the most important and harmful pollutants released to the environment and as a result of industrial activities, aquatic environments are the most important route for exposure of living organisms to this pollutant. This research aimed to study the adsorption of cyanide by raw zeolite and modified zeolite with surfactant. Using the cationic surfactant of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, the raw zeolite was modified. After the determination of prepared adsorbent properties and isothermal experiments, kinetics, the effect of pH, and the ionic strength of the stock solution was measured by batch tests. The XRD results confirmed the presence of clinoptilolite mineral in the structure of the raw zeolite and the surface coating of raw zeolite by surfactant after modification was observed by SEM images. The Langmuir, Freundlich and, Tamkin adsorption models showed an excellent ability to describe the cyanide adsorption isotherm using the studied adsorbent. The adsorption capacity of cyanide by modified zeolite was 3.97 mg /g, which is significantly increasing compared to the maximum adsorption capacity of raw zeolite cyanide (0.54 mg /g). Modelling of kinetic data showed that pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models have an excellent ability to describe the adsorption kinetics of cyanide contaminants using natural and modified zeolites. Cyanide removal by surfactant-modified zeolite decreased with increasing pH and ionic strength of the stock solution. The results of this study showed that the modification of zeolite with surfactant could be used as a non-toxic and efficient adsorbent to remove cyanide from aqueous solutions in the bed of the tailings dams of the Zareshoran mine processing plant in Takab city of West Azerbaijan province of Iran. Cyanide is one of the most important and harmful pollutants released to the environment and as a result of industrial activities, aquatic environments are the most important route for exposure of living organisms to this pollutant. This research aimed to study the adsorption of cyanide by raw zeolite and modified zeolite with surfactant. Using the cationic surfactant of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, the raw zeolite was modified. After the determination of prepared adsorbent properties and isothermal experiments, kinetics, the effect of pH, and the ionic strength of the stock solution was measured by batch tests. The XRD results confirmed the presence of clinoptilolite mineral in the structure of the raw zeolite and the surface coating of raw zeolite by surfactant after modification was observed by SEM images. The Langmuir, Freundlich and, Tamkin adsorption models showed an excellent ability to describe the cyanide adsorption isotherm using the studied adsorbent. The adsorption capacity of cyanide by modified zeolite was 3.97 mg /g, which is significantly increasing compared to the maximum adsorption capacity of raw zeolite cyanide (0.54 mg /g). Modelling of kinetic data showed that pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models have an excellent ability to describe the adsorption kinetics of cyanide contaminants using natural and modified zeolites. Cyanide removal by surfactant-modified zeolite decreased with increasing pH and ionic strength of the stock solution. The results of this study showed that the modification of zeolite with surfactant could be used as a non-toxic and efficient adsorbent to remove cyanide from aqueous solutions in the bed of the tailings dams of the Zareshoran mine processing plant in Takab city of West Azerbaijan province of Iran.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13437_d3d6a1f6d2bbdb69361f64a810370e4b.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Investigation of uncertainty due to model complexity in groundwater modeling Investigation of uncertainty due to model complexity in groundwater modeling 132 150 13879 10.22034/hydro.2022.13879 FA Mahsa Jabbari Malayeri 1. Ph.D Candidate, Department of Water Engineering, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran Saman Javadi 2. Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran Saeideh Samani 3. Assistant Professor of Hydrogeology, Department of Water Resources Study and Research, Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran Abbas Roozbahani 4. Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran Journal Article 2021 10 12 One of the factors that lead to uncertainty in the mathematical model of groundwater flow is the uncertainty due to the complexity of the conceptual model that results from the increase of model parameters. Considering the complexity of groundwater modeling can aid in selecting an optimal model, and can avoid model uncertainty and misleading conclusions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the uncertainty of the complexity of the mathematical model of the Najafabad aquifer. In this regard, six conceptual models with five different degrees of complexity with the number of calibrated model parameters (4, 16, 20, 22, 26, and 26 parameters) with the same observational data in Najafabad aquifer located in Isfahan province in a steady-state and for the year 2018-2019 were developed and model selection criteria (AIC, AICC, BIC, and KIC) were used to evaluate the probability of models. The results showed that model #1 with four parameters, which is the simplest model, was selected as the best model and has the least uncertainty. But models 5 and 6, which are the most complex models, have the most uncertainty and the least level of confidence. Therefore, it can be said that in defining the conceptual model of an aquifer, determining the optimal number of parameters will decrease the uncertainty of the mathematical model. One of the factors that lead to uncertainty in the mathematical model of groundwater flow is the uncertainty due to the complexity of the conceptual model that results from the increase of model parameters. Considering the complexity of groundwater modeling can aid in selecting an optimal model, and can avoid model uncertainty and misleading conclusions. The purpose of this study is to investigate the uncertainty of the complexity of the mathematical model of the Najafabad aquifer. In this regard, six conceptual models with five different degrees of complexity with the number of calibrated model parameters (4, 16, 20, 22, 26, and 26 parameters) with the same observational data in Najafabad aquifer located in Isfahan province in a steady-state and for the year 2018-2019 were developed and model selection criteria (AIC, AICC, BIC, and KIC) were used to evaluate the probability of models. The results showed that model #1 with four parameters, which is the simplest model, was selected as the best model and has the least uncertainty. But models 5 and 6, which are the most complex models, have the most uncertainty and the least level of confidence. Therefore, it can be said that in defining the conceptual model of an aquifer, determining the optimal number of parameters will decrease the uncertainty of the mathematical model.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13879_0526dc76ff007e71c8ebeba6b4028fbe.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Groundwater Recharge Estimating in Mashhad-Chenaran Aquifer using water table fluctuations method (MRC algorithm) Groundwater Recharge Estimating in Mashhad-Chenaran Aquifer using water table fluctuations method (MRC algorithm) 151 168 13427 10.22034/hydro.2022.13427 FA Mahmoud Arjmand Sharif PhD Student of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran Hadi Jafari Associate Professor of Hydrogeology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, Semnan, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 16 Mashhad-Chenaran Aquifer with an area of about 2527 km2, as the most sustainable resource supplying the drinking water of Mashhad city, is the most important alluvial aquifer in Khorasan Razavi Province. In this study, groundwater recharge has been estimated using the water table fluctuations method and MRC algorithm in a period of 15 years (Sep. 2001 to Sep. 2016) measured in 31 observation wells. Results suggested that recharge in Mashhad-Chenaran Aquifer follows a certain pattern depending on rainfall fluctuations. Seasonal rainfall starts at the end of October and reaches its maximum in April. The trend of increasing groundwater recharge continues until the end of March, and then, with the beginning of the spring season, the amount of recharge is significantly reduced. The most important reason for the decrease in recharge rate during this period is the lag time between the beginning of rainfall and its impact on the groundwater. The highest amount of recharge takes place in January, February and March and the lowest in August and September. During the 15-year period, the lowest and the highest amounts of recharge were 87.2 MCM (12.4% of rainfall) and 221.7 MCM (29% of rainfall) respectively in the 2002-2003 and 2011-2012 water years. During this period, the average annual recharge is about 122 MCM (19% of rainfall). Recharge events less than 5 MCM have the highest frequency and high amounts also have the lowest frequency. Assessing the ratio of recharge to precipitation indicates the correct estimation of recharge by the water level fluctuations method and MRC algorithm. Mashhad-Chenaran Aquifer with an area of about 2527 km2, as the most sustainable resource supplying the drinking water of Mashhad city, is the most important alluvial aquifer in Khorasan Razavi Province. In this study, groundwater recharge has been estimated using the water table fluctuations method and MRC algorithm in a period of 15 years (Sep. 2001 to Sep. 2016) measured in 31 observation wells. Results suggested that recharge in Mashhad-Chenaran Aquifer follows a certain pattern depending on rainfall fluctuations. Seasonal rainfall starts at the end of October and reaches its maximum in April. The trend of increasing groundwater recharge continues until the end of March, and then, with the beginning of the spring season, the amount of recharge is significantly reduced. The most important reason for the decrease in recharge rate during this period is the lag time between the beginning of rainfall and its impact on the groundwater. The highest amount of recharge takes place in January, February and March and the lowest in August and September. During the 15-year period, the lowest and the highest amounts of recharge were 87.2 MCM (12.4% of rainfall) and 221.7 MCM (29% of rainfall) respectively in the 2002-2003 and 2011-2012 water years. During this period, the average annual recharge is about 122 MCM (19% of rainfall). Recharge events less than 5 MCM have the highest frequency and high amounts also have the lowest frequency. Assessing the ratio of recharge to precipitation indicates the correct estimation of recharge by the water level fluctuations method and MRC algorithm.

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13427_a03357c4ebcfaa2adcbc31925549d243.pdf

University of Tabriz Hydrogeology 2588-3011 6 2 2022 02 20 Extended Abstracts Extended Abstracts 217 258 16257 FA Journal Article 2022 02 20 Extended Abstracts Extended Abstracts

https://hydro.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_16257_788893d31090279f4de928f0f1587b93.pdf